Nokogiri ↑

Nokogiri (鋸) makes it easy and painless to work with XML and HTML from Ruby. It provides a sensible, easy-to-understand API for reading, writing, modifying, and querying documents. It is fast and standards-compliant by relying on native parsers like libxml2, libgumbo, and xerces.

Guiding Principles ↑

Some guiding principles Nokogiri tries to follow:

Features Overview ↑

Status ↑

Support, Getting Help, and Reporting Issues ↑

All official documentation is posted at nokogiri.org (the source for which is at github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri.org/, and we welcome contributions).

Reading ↑

Your first stops for learning more about Nokogiri should be:

Ask For Help ↑

There are a few ways to ask exploratory questions:

Please do not mail the maintainers at their personal addresses.

Report A Bug ↑

The Nokogiri bug tracker is at github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues

Please use the “Bug Report” or “Installation Difficulties” templates.

Security and Vulnerability Reporting ↑

Please report vulnerabilities at hackerone.com/nokogiri

Full information and description of our security policy is in {SECURITY.md}

Semantic Versioning Policy ↑

Nokogiri follows Semantic Versioning (since 2017 or so).

We bump Major.Minor.Patch versions following this guidance:

Major: (we’ve never done this)

Minor:

Patch:

Sponsorship ↑

You can help sponsor the maintainers of this software through one of these organizations:

Installation ↑

Requirements:

If you are compiling the native extension against a system version of libxml2:

Native Gems: Faster, more reliable installation ↑

“Native gems” contain pre-compiled libraries for a specific machine architecture. On supported platforms, this removes the need for compiling the C extension and the packaged libraries, or for system dependencies to exist. This results in much faster installation and more reliable installation, which as you probably know are the biggest headaches for Nokogiri users.

Supported Platforms ↑

Nokogiri ships pre-compiled, “native” gems for the following platforms:

To determine whether your system supports one of these gems, look at the output of bundle platform or ruby -e 'puts Gem::Platform.local.to_s'.

If you’re on a supported platform, either gem install or bundle install should install a native gem without any additional action on your part. This installation should only take a few seconds, and your output should look something like:

$ gem install nokogiri
Fetching nokogiri-1.11.0-x86_64-linux.gem
Successfully installed nokogiri-1.11.0-x86_64-linux
1 gem installed

Other Installation Options ↑

Because Nokogiri is a C extension, it requires that you have a C compiler toolchain, Ruby development header files, and some system dependencies installed.

The following may work for you if you have an appropriately-configured system:

gem install nokogiri

If you have any issues, please visit Installing Nokogiri for more complete instructions and troubleshooting.

How To Use Nokogiri ↑

Nokogiri is a large library, and so it’s challenging to briefly summarize it. We’ve tried to provide long, real-world examples at Tutorials.

Parsing and Querying ↑

Here is example usage for parsing and querying a document:

#! /usr/bin/env ruby

require 'nokogiri'
require 'open-uri'

# Fetch and parse HTML document
doc = Nokogiri::HTML(URI.open('https://nokogiri.org/tutorials/installing_nokogiri.html'))

# Search for nodes by css
doc.css('nav ul.menu li a', 'article h2').each do |link|
  puts link.content
end

# Search for nodes by xpath
doc.xpath('//nav//ul//li/a', '//article//h2').each do |link|
  puts link.content
end

# Or mix and match
doc.search('nav ul.menu li a', '//article//h2').each do |link|
  puts link.content
end

Encoding ↑

Strings are always stored as UTF-8 internally. Methods that return text values will always return UTF-8 encoded strings. Methods that return a string containing markup (like to_xml, to_html and inner_html) will return a string encoded like the source document.

WARNING

Some documents declare one encoding, but actually use a different one. In these cases, which encoding should the parser choose?

Data is just a stream of bytes. Humans add meaning to that stream. Any particular set of bytes could be valid characters in multiple encodings, so detecting encoding with 100% accuracy is not possible. libxml2 does its best, but it can’t be right all the time.

If you want Nokogiri to handle the document encoding properly, your best bet is to explicitly set the encoding. Here is an example of explicitly setting the encoding to EUC-JP on the parser:

doc = Nokogiri.XML('<foo><bar /></foo>', nil, 'EUC-JP')

Technical Overview ↑

Guiding Principles ↑

As noted above, two guiding principles of the software are:

Notably, despite all parsers being standards-compliant, there are behavioral inconsistencies between the parsers used in the CRuby and JRuby implementations, and Nokogiri does not and should not attempt to remove these inconsistencies. Instead, we surface these differences in the test suite when they are important/semantic; or we intentionally write tests to depend only on the important/semantic bits (omitting whitespace from regex matchers on results, for example).

CRuby ↑

The Ruby (a.k.a., CRuby, MRI, YARV) implementation is a C extension that depends on libxml2 and libxslt (which in turn depend on zlib and possibly libiconv).

These dependencies are met by default by Nokogiri’s packaged versions of the libxml2 and libxslt source code, but a configuration option --use-system-libraries is provided to allow specification of alternative library locations. See Installing Nokogiri for full documentation.

We provide native gems by pre-compiling libxml2 and libxslt (and potentially zlib and libiconv) and packaging them into the gem file. In this case, no compilation is necessary at installation time, which leads to faster and more reliable installation.

See {LICENSE-DEPENDENCIES.md} for more information on which dependencies are provided in which native and source gems.

JRuby ↑

The Java (a.k.a. JRuby) implementation is a Java extension that depends primarily on Xerces and NekoHTML for parsing, though additional dependencies are on isorelax, nekodtd, jing, serializer, xalan-j, and xml-apis.

These dependencies are provided by pre-compiled jar files packaged in the java platform gem.

See {LICENSE-DEPENDENCIES.md} for more information on which dependencies are provided in which native and source gems.

Contributing ↑

See {CONTRIBUTING.md} for an intro guide to developing Nokogiri.

Code of Conduct ↑

We’ve adopted the Contributor Covenant code of conduct, which you can read in full in {CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md}.

License ↑

This project is licensed under the terms of the MIT license.

See this license at {LICENSE.md}.

Dependencies ↑

Some additional libraries may be distributed with your version of Nokogiri. Please see {LICENSE-DEPENDENCIES.md} for a discussion of the variations as well as the licenses thereof.

Authors ↑